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Gray's Anatomy for Students

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Gray's Anatomy for Students

Gray's Anatomy for Students

With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access

9780702051319
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Opis

Anatomy texts just dont get any better than Grays Anatomy for Students! Now in its 3rd edition, this completely revised medical textbook continues its focus on just the core information you need for your anatomy courses, presenting everything in an easy-to-read, visually appealing format that facilitates study.

Szczegóły produktu
54608
9780702051319
9780702051319

Opis

Rok wydania
2014
Numer wydania
3
Oprawa
miękka foliowana
Liczba stron
1192
Wymiary (mm)
216 x 276
Waga (g)
2400
  • 1 The body

    What is anatomy? 4

    How can gross anatomy be studied? 4

    Important anatomical terms 4

    Imaging 7

    Diagnostic imaging techniques 7

    Nuclear medicine imaging 10

    Image interpretation 11

    Plain radiography 12

    Computed tomography 12

    Magnetic resonance imaging 13

    Nuclear medicine imaging 13

    Safety in imaging 13

    Body systems 14

    Skeletal system 14

    Cartilage 14

    Bone 15

    Joints 20

    Skin and fascias 26

    Skin 26

    Fascia 26

    Muscular system 27

    Cardiovascular system 29

    Lymphatic system 31

    Lymphatic vessels 31

    Lymph nodes 32

    Lymphatic trunks and ducts 32

    Nervous system 34

    Central nervous system 34

    Functional subdivisions of the CNS 34

    Somatic part of the nervous system 35

    Visceral part of the nervous system 41

    Other systems 52

    Clinical cases 53

    2 Back

    Conceptual overview 56

    General description 56

    Functions 57

    Support 57

    Movement 57

    Protection of the nervous system 58

    Component parts 58

    Bones 58

    Muscles 60

    Vertebral canal 62

    Spinal nerves 63

    Relationship to other regions 64

    Head 64

    Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis 65

    Limbs 65

    Key features 65

    Long vertebral column and short spinal cord 65

    Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves 66

    Innervation of the back 66

    Regional anatomy 67

    Skeletal framework 67

    Vertebrae 67

    Intervertebral foramina 75

    Posterior spaces between vertebral arches 75

    Joints 79

    Joints between vertebrae in the back 79

    Ligaments 82

    Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments 82

    Ligamenta flava 82

    Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum

    nuchae 83

    Interspinous ligaments 84

    Back musculature 86

    Superficial group of back muscles 86

    Intermediate group of back muscles 92

    Deep group of back muscles 93

    Suboccipital muscles 99

    Spinal cord 101

    Vasculature 102

    Meninges 104

    Arrangement of structures in the vertebral

    canal 106

    Spinal nerves 107

    Surface anatomy 112

    Back surface anatomy 112

    Absence of lateral curvatures 112

    Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal

    plane 112

    Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks 112

    How to identify specific vertebral spinous

    processes 114

    Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and

    subarachnoid space 115

    Identifying major muscles 116

    Clinical cases 118

    3 Thorax

    Conceptual overview 124

    General description 124

    Functions 125

    Breathing 125

    Protection of vital organs 125

    Conduit 125

    Component parts 125

    Thoracic wall 125

    Superior thoracic aperture 126

    Inferior thoracic aperture 126

    Diaphragm 127

    Mediastinum 128

    Pleural cavities 128

    Relationship to other regions 129

    Neck 129

    Upper limb 130

    Abdomen 130

    Breast 130

    Key features 130

    Vertebral level TIV/V 130

    Venous shunts from left to right 132

    Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic

    wall 132

    Sympathetic system 134

    Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture 134

    Innervation of the diaphragm 134

    Regional anatomy 137

    Pectoral region 137

    Breast 137

    Muscles of the pectoral region 139

    Thoracic wall 141

    Skeletal framework 141

    Intercostal spaces 147

    Diaphragm 156

    Venous drainage 158

    Innervation 158

    Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm

    during breathing 158

    Pleural cavities 159

    Pleura 159

    Lungs 163

    Mediastinum 176

    Middle mediastinum 177

    Superior mediastinum 204

    Posterior mediastinum 215

    Anterior mediastinum 223

    Surface anatomy 224

    Thorax surface anatomy 224

    How to count ribs 224

    Surface anatomy of the breast in women 225

    Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral

    level 226

    Visualizing structures in the superior

    mediastinum 227

    Visualizing the margins of the heart 227

    Where to listen for heart sounds 228

    Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural

    recesses, and lung lobes and fissures 228

    Where to listen for lung sounds 229

    Clinical cases 233

    44 Abdomen

    Conceptual overview 246

    General description 246

    Functions 247

    Houses and protects major viscera 247

    Breathing 249

    Changes in intra-abdominal pressure 249

    Component parts 250

    Wall 250

    Abdominal cavity 251

    Inferior thoracic aperture 253

    Diaphragm 253

    Pelvic inlet 254

    Relationship to other regions 254

    Thorax 254

    Pelvis 254

    Lower limb 255

    Key features 256

    Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the

    adult 256

    Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral

    abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal

    nerves 259

    The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal

    wall 260

    Verterbral Level L1 262

    The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are

    supplied by three major arteries 262

    Venous shunts from left to right 264

    All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal

    system passes through the liver 265

    Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large

    prevertebral plexus 266

    Regional anatomy 268

    Surface topography 268

    Four-quadrant pattern 268

    Nine-region pattern 269

    Abdominal wall 270

    Superficial fascia 270

    Anterolateral muscles 272

    Extraperitoneal fascia 278

    Peritoneum 279

    Innervation 279

    Arterial supply and venous drainage 280

    Lymphatic drainage 282

    Groin 282

    Inguinal canal 284

    Inguinal hernias 288

    Abdominal viscera 292

    Peritoneum 292

    Peritoneal cavity 293

    Organs 297

    Arterial supply 327

    Venous drainage 337

    Lymphatics 341

    Innervation 341

    Posterior abdominal region 348

    Posterior abdominal wall 349

    Viscera 355

    Vasculature 366

    Lymphatic system 372

    Nervous system in the posterior abdominal

    region 374

    Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves 374

    Surface anatomy 382

    Abdomen surface anatomy 382

    Defining the surface projection of the

    abdomen 383

    How to find the superficial inguinal ring 384

    How to determine lumbar vertebral levels 385

    Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebral

    level 386

    Visualizing the position of major blood

    vessels 387

    Using abdominal quadrants to locate major

    viscera 388

    Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut

    is referred 389

    Where to find the kidneys 390

    Where to find the spleen 390

    Clinical cases 391

    5 Pelvis and perineum

    Conceptual overview 406

    General description 406

    Functions 406

    Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal,

    and reproductive tracts 406

    Anchors the roots of the external genitalia 408

    Component parts 408

    Pelvic inlet 408

    Pelvic walls 409

    Pelvic outlet 409

    Pelvic floor 411

    Pelvic cavity 411

    Perineum 412

    Relationship to other regions 414

    Abdomen 414

    Lower limb 414

    Key features 415

    The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly 415

    Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic

    cavity 415

    The prostate is anterior to rectum 417

    The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord

    segments 417

    Nerves are related to bone 418

    Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels

    S2 to S4 controls erection 418

    Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum

    intersect at the perineal body 419

    Gender determines the course of the urethra 419

    Regional anatomy 421

    Pelvis 421

    Bones 421

    Joints 426

    Orientation 428

    Gender differences 428

    True pelvis 429

    Vicera 438

    Fascia 458

    Peritoneum 460

    Nerves 462

    Blood vessels 471

    Lymphatics 477

    Perineum 478

    Borders and ceiling 478

    Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses 480

    Anal triangle 480

    Urogenital triangle 483

    Somatic nerves 490

    Visceral nerves 492

    Blood vessels 492

    Veins 494

    Lymphatics 496

    Surface anatomy 497

    Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum 497

    Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the

    anatomical position 497

    How to define the margins of the perineum 497

    Identification of structures in the anal triangle 499

    Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle

    of women 500

    Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle

    of men 501

    Clinical cases 504

    6 Lower limb

    Conceptual overview 512

    General introduction 512

    Function 513

    Support the body weight 513

    Locomotion 515

    Component parts 517

    Bones and joints 517

    Muscles 518

    Relationship to other regions 520

    Abdomen 520

    Pelvis 521

    Perineum 521

    Key points 521

    Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal

    nerves 521

    Nerves related to bone 525

    Superficial veins 525

    Regional anatomy 526

    Bony pelvis 526

    Proximal femur 529

    Hip joint 532

    Gateways to the lower limb 535

    Nerves 537

    Arteries 540

    Veins 542

    Lymphatics 542

    Deep fascia and the saphenous opening 544

    Femoral triangle 545

    Gluteal region 547

    Muscles 548

    Nerves 551

    Arteries 554

    Veins 554

    Lymphatics 554

    Thigh 555

    Bones 555

    Muscles 561

    Arteries 569

    Veins 573

    Nerves 573

    Knee joint 575

    Tibiofibular joint 584

    Popliteal fossa 584

    Leg 585

    Bones 586

    Joints 588

    Posterior compartment of leg 588

    Lateral compartment of leg 595

    Anterior compartment of leg 596

    Foot 600

    Bones 600

    Joints 605

    Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major

    structures at the ankle 612

    Arches of the foot 614

    Plantar aponeurosis 615

    Fibrous sheaths of toes 615

    Extensor hoods 616

    Intrinsic muscles 616

    Arteries 622

    Veins 624

    Nerves 624

    Surface anatomy 628

    Lower limb surface anatomy 628

    Avoiding the sciatic nerve 628

    Finding the femoral artery in the femoral

    triangle 630

    Identifying structures around the knee 630

    Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa 632

    Finding the tarsal tunnel-the gateway to the

    foot 633

    Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the

    foot 634

    Finding the dorsalis pedis artery 635

    Approximating the position of the plantar arterial

    arch 635

    Major superficial veins 636

    Pulse points 637

    Clinical cases 638

    77 Upper limb

    Conceptual overview 650

    General description 650

    Functions 651

    Positioning the hand 651

    The hand as a mechanical tool 651

    The hand as a sensory tool 654

    Component parts 654

    Bones and joints 654

    Muscles 655

    Relationship to other regions 657

    Neck 657

    Back and thoracic wall 658

    Key points 659

    Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic

    nerves 659

    Nerves related to bone 663

    Superficial veins 663

    Orientation of the thumb 664

    Regional anatomy 665

    Shoulder 665

    Bones 665

    Joints 668

    Muscles 675

    Posterior scapular region 678

    Muscles 678

    Gateways to the posterior scapular region 680

    Nerves 682

    Arteries and veins 682

    Axilla 684

    Axillary inlet 685

    Anterior wall 686

    Medial wall 688

    Lateral wall 690

    Posterior wall 691

    Gateways in the posterior wall 692

    Floor 693

    Contents of the axilla 693

    Arm 710

    Bones 712

    Muscles 715

    Arteries and veins 717

    Nerves 720

    Elbow joint 724

    Cubital fossa 729

    Forearm 731

    Bones 732

    Joints 734

    Anterior compartment of the forearm 736

    Muscles 736

    Arteries and veins 742

    Nerves 743

    Posterior compartment of the forearm 745

    Muscles 745

    Arteries and veins 750

    Nerves 751

    Hand 751

    Bones 752

    Joints 754

    Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist 756

    Palmar aponeurosis 758

    Palmaris brevis 759

    Anatomical snuffbox 759

    Fibrous digital sheaths 759

    Extensor hoods 760

    Muscles 762

    Arteries and veins 767

    Nerves 770

    Surface anatomy 775

    Upper limb surface anatomy 775

    Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior

    scapular region 775

    Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and

    related structures 777

    Locating the brachial artery in the arm 779

    The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial

    nerve 779

    Cubital fossa (anterior view) 779

    Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and

    nerves in the distal forearm 781

    Normal appearance of the hand 782

    Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent

    branch of the median nerve 783

    Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in

    the hand 783

    Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep

    palmar arches 784

    Pulse points 784

    Clinical cases 786

    8 Head and neck

    Conceptual overview 796

    General description 796

    Head 796

    Neck 798

    Functions 799

    Protection 799

    Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive

    tracts 799

    Communication 800

    Positioning the head 800

    Connects the upper and lower respiratory and

    digestive tracts 800

    Component parts 800

    Skull 800

    Cervical vertebrae 802

    Hyoid bone 803

    Soft palate 804

    Muscles 804

    Relationship to other regions 805

    Thorax 805

    Upper limbs 805

    Key features 806

    Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI 806

    Airway in the neck 806

    Cranial nerves 807

    Cervical nerves 808

    Functional separation of the digestive and

    respiratory passages 808

    Triangles of the neck 811

    Regional anatomy 812

    Skull 812

    Anterior view 812

    Lateral view 814

    Posterior view 816

    Superior view 818

    Inferior view 819

    Cranial cavity 822

    Roof 822

    Floor 823

    Meninges 830

    Cranial dura mater 830

    Arachnoid mater 833

    Pia mater 833

    Arrangement of meninges and spaces 834

    Brain and its blood supply 835

    Brain 835

    Blood supply 837

    Venous drainage 842

    Cranial nerves 848

    Olfactory nerve [I] 849

    Optic nerve [II] 850

    Oculomotor nerve [III] 850

    Trochlear nerve [IV] 850

    Trigeminal nerve [V] 851

    Ophthalmic nerve [V1] 852

    Maxillary nerve [V2] 852

    Mandibular nerve [V3] 852

    Abducent nerve [VI] 852

    Facial nerve [VII] 852

    Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] 853

    Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] 853

    Vagus nerve [X] 853

    Accessory nerve [XI] 854

    Hypoglossal nerve [XII] 854

    Face 856

    Muscles 857

    Parotid gland 863

    Innervation 865

    Vessels 869

    Scalp 873

    Layers 873

    Innervation 874

    Vessels 876

    Lymphatic drainage 877

    Orbit 878

    Bony orbit 878

    Eyelids 879

    Lacrimal apparatus 882

    Sensory innervation 882

    Fissures and foramina 885

    Fascial specializations 886

    Muscles 887

    Vessels 892

    Innervation 893

    Eyeball 898

    Ear 902

    External ear 903

    Middle ear 906

    Internal ear 913

    Temporal and infratemporal fossae 920

    Bony framework 920

    Temporomandibular joints 922

    Masseter muscle 925

    Temporal fossa 926

    Infratemporal fossa 929

    Pterygopalatine fossa 940

    Skeletal framework 940

    Gateways 941

    Contents 942

    Neck 947

    Fascia 948

    Superficial venous drainage 950

    Anterior triangle of the neck 954

    Posterior triangle of the neck 968

    Root of the neck 976

    Pharynx 985

    Skeletal framework 986

    Pharyngeal wall 987

    Fascia 990

    Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing

    through them 990

    Nasopharynx 991

    Oropharynx 993

    Laryngopharynx 993

    Tonsils 993

    Vessels 994

    Nerves 996

    Larynx 997

    Laryngeal cartilages 998

    Extrinsic ligaments 1000

    Intrinsic ligaments 1001

    Laryngeal joints 1002

    Cavity of the larynx 1003

    Intrinsic muscles 1005

    Function of the larynx 1008

    Vessels 1010

    Nerves 1012

    Nasal cavities 1013

    Lateral wall 1014

    Regions 1015

    Innervation and blood supply 1016

    Skeletal framework 1016

    External nose 1018

    Paranasal sinuses 1018

    Walls, floor, and roof 1020

    Nares 1024

    Choanae 1024

    Gateways 1024

    Vessels 1026

    Innervation 1028

    Oral cavity 1030

    Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity 1031

    Skeletal framework 1031

    Walls:: the cheeks 1034

    Floor 1035

    Tongue 1037

    Salivary glands 1044

    Roof-palate 1047

    Oral fissure and lips 1055

    Oropharyngeal isthmus 1055

    Teeth and gingivae 1056

    Surface anatomy 1061

    Head and neck surface anatomy 1061

    Anatomical position of the head and major

    landmarks 1062

    Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI

    vertebral levels 1063

    How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles

    of the neck 1063

    How to locate the cricothyroid ligament 1064

    How to find the thyroid gland 1065

    Estimating the position of the middle meningeal

    artery 1066

    Major features of the face 1067

    The eye and lacrimal apparatus 1068

    External ear 1069

    Pulse points 1070

    Clinical cases 1071

Zobacz nowsze wydanie:

Gray's Anatomy for Students
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